Question 1

Royal Society of Biology Policy Resource Library

Accepted Answer

Royal Society of Biology - Policy Resource Library

This is a searchable library of resources relevant to bioscience policy issues, which have been produced by the Royal Society of Biology and their Member Organisations. It contains links to published outputs such as briefing notes, consultation responses, policy reports and reviews.

Question 2

IAT Journal - Animal Technology & Welfare (ATW)

Accepted Answer

www.atwjournal.com

ATW publishes peer-reviewed articles allied to animal science and technology, management and education. Particular encouragement is given to authors submitting papers promoting the 3Rs leading to improvements in environmental enrichment and the care and welfare of genetically altered animals. ATW publishes technical notes describing new products, new or refined techniques and new developments. ATW publishes papers and posters presented at international meetings, opinion articles, book reviews and relevant texts. ATW promotes the dissemination of ‘good practice’. ATW promotes the recognition of Animal Technologists everywhere.

Official Journal of The Institute of Animal Technology and European Federation of Animal Technologists.

Question 3

NC3Rs Non-human primate accommodation, care and use guidelines

Accepted Answer

NC3Rs Non-human primate accommodation, care and use guidelines

The guidelines were originally published in 2006 and updated in 2017. They have been instrumental in improving the housing and care of non-human primates at UK universities and other publicly funded laboratories internationally through, for example, requiring increased space for the animals, social housing and daily foraging opportunities – all of which are critical for NHP welfare. The guidelines exceed the legal minimum standards required by the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and associated Codes of Practice, the US ILAR Guide, and similar international texts.

Question 4

Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching (Ag Guide)

Accepted Answer

Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching

The American Dairy Science Association® (ADSA®), the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS), and the Poultry Science Association (PSA) are pleased to announce the release of the 4th edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching, commonly known as the Ag Guide.

Chapter 1: Institutional Policies
Chapter 2: Agricultural Animal Health Care
Chapter 3: Husbandry, Housing, and Biosecurity
Chapter 4: Environmental Enrichment
Chapter 5: Animal Handling and Transport
Chapter 6: Beef Cattle
Chapter 7: Dairy Cattle
Chapter 8: Horses
Chapter 9: Swine
Chapter 10: Sheep and Goats
Chapter 11: Meat-Type Poultry
Chapter 12: Egg-Type Poultry
Chapter 13: Waterfowl

Question 5

Norecopa - Norway's online 3R centre

Accepted Answer

norecopa.no

Norecopa is Norway's National Consensus Platform for the advancement of "the 3 Rs" (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) in connection with animal experiments. Norecopa was founded on 10 October 2007.

The website consists of approx. 10,000 pages and currently has approx. 300,000 page visits a year.
Norecopa maintains an International Meetings Calendar and a Newsfeed, and issues an electronic newsletter 7-8 times a year.
Norecopa has produced the PREPARE guidelines for planning animal research and testing.
Norecopa frequently arranges meetings about the use of animals in research, to advance the 3 Rs.

Question 6

Improving animal welfare at Newcastle University by introducing the low stress handling of mice

Accepted Answer

Senior CBC Animal Care Technician Emma Hamilton has written an article on the development of 'non-aversive' handling (NAH) at Newcastle University which was recently published in the IAT Journal 'Animal Technology and Welfare'.

Improving animal welfare at Newcastle University by introducing the low stress handling of mice (PDF:4MB)

Question 7

QM+Emulate Organs-on-Chips Centre

Accepted Answer

www.cpm.qmul.ac.uk/emulate

The QM+Emulate Organs-on-Chips Centre provides access to Emulate’s Organs-on-Chips technology to enable researchers to use Emulate’s supported organ models which include: Liver, Proximal Tubule Kidney, Lung and Intestine or develop organ models of their design to expedite their experiments. Expert staff are on hand to support with training and use of the platform. The Centre also provides opportunities for collaboration with Emulate and support for commercialisation and translational impact.

Question 8

EURL ECVAM Database Service on Alternative Methods to Animal Experimentation (DB-ALM)

Accepted Answer

http://cidportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/EURL-ECVAM/datasets/DBALM/LATEST/online/dbalm.html

DB-ALM dataset is a publicly accessible collection of alternative method summaries and protocols. DB-ALM focuses primarily on methods submitted to EURL ECVAM for validation, and those identified in ad hoc reviews of the literature and end-users in specific application areas between 2000 and 2019.

All method summaries and protocols can be searched in an intuitive web interface and then retrieved individually, but they can also be downloaded completely for flexible perusal on a local PC. Search criteria include topic areas, biological endpoints, experimental systems, and others.

Question 9

Glossary of Lay Terminology

Accepted Answer

Glossary of Lay Terminology (PDF:786KB)

A terminology guide for researchers to be used when requested to write a non-technical summary (NTS) using lay terms (non-technical language)

Glossary of Lay Terminology Example - Letter A

Abdomen - belly
Abdominal - having to do with the belly
Abdominal - cavity space in the belly where the stomach, intestines, kidney, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters are found
Abdominocentesis - use of needle or tube to drain fluid from the belly
Abdominoperineal - resection surgery to remove the middle and end of the large intestine
Abdominoplasty - surgery to fix the stomach
Abduction - movement away from the middle of the body
Abortion - the premature end of a pregnancy
Abrasion - area where skin or other tissue is scraped away
Abruptio - placentae premature separation of the placenta from the mother
Abscess - swelling filled with pus
Absorb - take up fluids, take in
Absorption - the way a drug or other substance enters the body
Abstinence - not having sexual intercourse
Acapnia - decreased carbon dioxide in the blood
Acceptable - good; decent; capable
Acetabulum - pocket in the hip bone that holds the top of the upper leg bone
Acidosis - increase of acid in the blood
Acne - pimples
Acoumeter - tool used to measure hearing
Acoustic neuroma - growth in the ear canal
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - illness that results in decreased ability of the body to protect itself from other illnesses; development of the disease or conditions associated with the disease results from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Acromegaly - a disease of adults in which the body makes too much growth hormone
Actinic keratosis - skin disease (bumps) caused by too much exposure to the sun
Activated partial thromboplastin time - a test of blood clotting time used to measure the ability of the blood to clot
Acuity - clearness, keenness
Acute - a quick and severe form of illness in its early stage
Addison's disease - serious disorder in which there is decreased cortisol and aldosterone in the body, resulting in weakness, low blood pressure, and other serious problems
Adduction - movement toward the middle of the body
Adenohypophysis - gland in the brain that makes many hormones that control body functions
Adenoidectomy - surgery to take out the adenoids
Adenoiditis - pain and swelling of the adenoids
Adenoids - infection-fighting glands in the back of the throat
Adenomyosis - a growth of muscle in the uterus
Adenopathy - swollen lymph nodes (glands)
Adenotome - tool used to remove adenoids
Adequate - Reasonably good
Adhesion - tissue stuck together
Adipose - having to do with fat
Adjuvant - helpful, assisting, aiding
Adjuvant Treatment - added treatment
Administer - give (to)
Administration (of) - giving (of)
Adrenal gland - a gland found over each kidney
Adrenalectomy surgery - to remove an adrenal gland
Adrenaline - hormone made by the adrenal glands that speeds up body organs and helps the body deal with stress
Adrenalitis - inflammation of one or both adrenal glands
Adrenocortical Hormone - any of the hormones made by the outer layer of the adrenal glands
Adrenocorticohyperplasia - increased growth of one or both adrenal glands
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - hormone made by the brain that activates the adrenal glands
Adrenomegaly - increase in size of one or both adrenal glands
Adrenopathy - disease of one or both adrenal glands
Adverse Effect/Event/Reaction - harmful, bad side effect
Aerosol - drug or substance made as a mist to be breathed in
Afferent - going toward the center area
Afterbirth - material that provides nutrition for the unborn baby and comes out after the baby is born
Airway - tube through which air passes to enter and leave the lungs
Akathisia - feeling of restlessness
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) - substance in blood that is measured to check for liver disease
Albino - white; lacking color
Albuminuria - protein in the urine
Alcohol - drug found in whisky, wine, and beer that slows down the central nervous system
Aldosterone - hormone made by the adrenal glands that controls the amount of mineral salts in the body
Allergic Reaction - rash, trouble breathing
Allergy - over sensitivity to a substance
Alopecia - hair loss
Alpha-Fetoprotein - substance in blood that is measured to check for liver cancer, testicular cancer, and spina bifida
Alzheimer's Disease - disorder that causes mental confusion
Ambulate/Ambulation/Ambulatory - walk, able to walk
Amenorrhea - when a woman has no menstrual period
Amniocentesis - removal of some of the waters from around an unborn baby for laboratory testing
Amniochorial - having to do with the tissues that surround the unborn baby
Amniography - x-ray of the uterus (womb) and unborn baby taken after putting a dye into the bag of waters
Amnion - tissue that covers the unborn baby
Amnionitis - inflammation of the amnion
Amniorrhea - leaking of waters from around the unborn baby
Amniorrhexis - breaking of the amnion
Amnioscope - tool passed through the cervix to look at the amniotic fluid and the unborn baby
Amniotic Fluid - waters around the unborn baby
Amniotic Sac - bag of tissue that surrounds the unborn baby
Amniotomy - rupture of the membranes (breaking of the tissues around the unborn baby)- done to start labor
Amphetamines - drugs that speed up metabolism and decrease appetite ("speed")
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - a disease of the nerves and muscles that causes weakness
Anal - having to do with the anus
Analgesic - drug used to control pain
Anaphylactic - shock serious allergic reaction to a substance (e.g., food, drug)
Anaphylaxis - serious, potentially life threatening allergic reaction
Androgen - male sex hormone
Anemia - decreased number of red blood cells
Anesthesia - loss of sensation or feeling
Anesthetic - drug that is used to produce loss of pain sensation
Anesthetic (General) - medication used to stop pain by putting you to sleep
Anesthetic (Local) - medication used to decrease pain by numbing an area of your body
Anesthetic (Regional) - medication used to block pain from the muscle and the skin
Aneurysm - area where an artery is swollen like a sack because the wall of the artery is weak
Aneurysmectomy - surgery to take out an aneurysm
Angina/Angina Pectoris - chest pain due to decreased oxygen being supplied to the heart
Angiocarditis - inflammation of the heart and the blood vessels entering the heart
Angioma - growth made up of blood vessels or lymph vessels
Angioplasm - cramp in the blood vessels
Angioplasty - surgery to open up a narrow blood vessel
Angiorrhaphy - stitching a blood vessel
Angiostenosis - narrowing of the inside of a blood vessel
Ankylosing Spondylitis - inflammation of the spine causing pain and stiffness
Ankylosis - joint stiffness
Anoplasty - surgery to fix the anus
Anorexia - condition in which person will not eat; lack of appetite
Anorexia Nervosa - mental disorder in which fear of getting fat results in starvation and weight loss
Anoxia - no oxygen
Antacid - drug used to decrease acid in the stomach (e.g., Tums, Rolaids)
Antecubital - in front of the elbow
Antepartum - before childbirth
Anterior - having to do with the front of the body
Anterior And Posterior Colporrhaphy - surgery to fix weak muscles in the pelvic area
Anterior Lobe - front part of an organ
Anterior Lobe Of The Pituitary - part of the pituitary gland that discharges many hormones
Antianginal - drug used to relieve chest pain
Antiarrhythmic - drug used to restore the natural rhythm of the heart
Antibiotic - drug used to stop or slow down the growth of germs
Antibody - type of protein that helps protect the body against foreign matter, such as bacteria and viruses
Anticoagulant - drug used to thin blood
Anticonvulsant - drug used to stop seizures
Anticubital - area inside the elbow
Antidiarrheal - drug used to stop diarrhea
Antidiuretic Hormone - hormone made by the pituitary gland that helps the kidneys keep water in the body by decreasing urine formation
Antidote - substance used to treat allergic reactions
Antiemetic - drug used to stop vomiting
Antihistamine - drug used to treat allergic reaction
Antilipidemic - a drug that decreases the level of fat(s) in the blood
Antimicrobial - drug that kills bacteria and other germs
Antinauseant - drug used to stop nausea and vomiting
Antipruitic - drug used to stop itching
Antiretroviral - drug that inhibits certain viruses
Antiseptic - substance used to stop or slow down the growth of germs
Antitussive - a drug used to relieve coughing
Antrectomy - surgery to remove the lower part of the stomach
Antrum - lower part of the stomach
Anuria - no urine being made
Anus - ring of muscle that keeps the opening at the end of the digestive tract closed
Aorta - biggest artery in the body
Aortic Stenosis - narrowing of the aorta where it comes out of the heart
Aortogram - x-ray of the aorta
Apepsia - without digestion
Aphagia - not able to swallow
Aphasia - not able to speak or write and not able to understand spoken or written words
Apnea - stopping of breathing
Aponeurorrhaphy - stitching of an aponeurosis
Aponeurosis - strong tissue that joins muscle to bone
Appendectomy - surgery to remove the appendix
Appendicitis - inflammation of the appendix
Appendix - nearly, about
Appropriate - (the) right; correct
Approximately - nearly, about
Aqueous Humor - liquid found in the front of the cavity of the eye
Arachnoid - middle layer of the meninges
Areola - dark-colored skin around the breast nipple
Arrhythmia - uneven heart beat
Arteriogram - x-ray using a dye to outline an artery
Arterioles - small branches of arteries
Arteriorrhexis - breaking of an artery
Arteriorsclerosis - hardening of the artery
Artery - the type of blood vessel that carries blood and oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body
Arthralgia - pain in a joint
Arthritis - joint pain
Arthrocentesis - use of a needle to remove fluid from a joint
Arthroclasia - surgery to free up a joint that it is stiff so it cannot move
Arthrodesia - surgery to fasten a joint so it cannot move
Arthrogram - x-ray of a joint
Arthroplasty - surgery to fix a joint
Arthrosclerosis - stiffening of the joints
Arthroscope - tool used to look into a joint
Arthrotomy - surgery to cut into a joint
Articular Cartilage - smooth tissue that covers the bones inside a joint
Artificial Insemination - use of a tool to put sperm into the vagina for the purpose of beginning pregnancy
Ascites - fluid in the belly
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) - substance in blood that is measured to detect liver disease
Aspermia - no sperm
Asphyxia - suffocation
Aspirate - removing a substance using suction
Aspiration - fluid entering lungs
Assay - lab test
Assess - to learn about (the health/wellness of)
Assigned - placed in (into a group)
Associated (with) - having to do (with)
Asthma - breathing disorder in which there is a wheezing and difficulty breathing
Astigmatism - flaw in the curve of the eye
Asymptomatic - having no symptoms or problems
At Risk - having a possibility that something negative may happen
Ataxia - uncontrolled muscle movement
Atelectasis - collapse of a lung
Atherosclerosis - hardening of the arteries
Atraumatic - not damaging to tissue
Atrioventricular Defect - hole in the heart present at birth
Atrophy - wasting away, or decrease in size, of a body organ
Audiogram - report of a hearing test
Audiologist - doctor who studies hearing
Audiology - the study of hearing
Audiometer - tool used to measure hearing
Audiometry - measurement of hearing
Audiotape - a cassette tape that is listened to
Aural - having to do with the ear
Auricle - outside flap of the ear
Auscultation - use of a stethoscope to listen to sounds inside the body
Autism - condition causing abnormal perceptions and relationships
Autoimmune Disease - disorder in which a person's immune system attacks parts of his or her own body
Axilla - armpit

Question 10

Advice from the NC3Rs on the housing and husbandry of dogs

Accepted Answer

This page on the NC3Rs website provides advice on the housing of laboratory dogs, tools for their welfare assessment, and suggestions for refinement of procedures used in safety assessment studies.

https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/housing-and-husbandry-dogs